Geology field report of Hazara region, Pakistan
Contents
Chapter 1
1
Abstract
The studying
of the brief geology of South Eastern HazaraDlivision West Pakistan the places
we study there are very pdifficult due to vegetation but it have great
importance due to complex structures which is occurred due to tectonic
activates they have different type of fossils and differentrock on the basis of
geography they have different groupssuch as (Kakulgroup) and different
formation there ageranges from Precamb
to eocene.
1.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We
are thankful to department of our earth sciences of comsats university
abbottabad that helps in arranging our field trip. We are also verythankful to
Dr. Muhammad Qasim and sir Saud as they have given us their precious time and
knowledge that make us able to write this report.
1.2
Introduction
our five days
field trip was from abbottabad by comsatsinstitude of inforamtion technology we
left from abbottabad on 02 april 2018 at
9:00AM from the university.
1.3
Fieldareas
Our main areas of
field was Galyatsuch as,Nathyagali, shirwan road near shimlapahari, Jabri near
Shah MaqsoodChowkand west hurripur.
In this field we
saw different formatiion, folds, faults,joints,uncofirmities and different
lithologies . it is very difficult for geologist to work in hazara division
because it have alot of vagitationand complexibility.
1.4
Climat
Abbottabad
has humid subtropical climate. In spring and autumn it is mild and warm and in
June and July it is hot while cold in winter. Maximum temperature reaches 38
centigrade in midsummer and the temperature drops to -5 during winter.
In December and January snowfall occurs and heavy rainfall during the
monsoon season from July to Septem
1.5
Accessibility:
The area is well accessible because of well carpeted
roads and we haven’t faced any hurdle
reaching to our desired destination
1.6
objective of our field
Main objectives
of our field was to get the knowledge about basic field skills we use the
bruntencompess,out crop analysis
and geological mapping
· To observe
different physical features of land and their representation on topographic
sheet
· Find location in
the field by topo sheet and nearby features.
· To identify
lithology
· To identify
rocks and their colours
· Identification
of fossils
· Identificaation
of folds and faults
· Recognition of
minerals in their natural form
· Interpretation
of primary and secondary structures
· cross sections,
litho-columns,
· Measurment of
dip and strike and interpretation of structure of the area
· Relationship
between techtonics ,structure, stratigrapgy and geomorphology of the area
· To learn about
data recording
· Section
measurmen
1.7
Aspects to be cover
§ Structural
geology
§ Stratigraphy
§ Paleontology
§ Tectonics
§ Economic geology
§ Mapping and
survey
Chapter 2
2
Stratigraphy
The
all formations as we saw at our field are as mentioned below
1.
Chorgali formation
2.
Margalla hill
3.
Lokhart formation
4.
Hangu formation
5.
Kawagarh formation
6.
Lamshiwal formation
7.
Chichali formation
8.
Samanasuk formation
9.
Galdanian formation
10.
Hazira formation
11.
Abbottabad group
12.
Hazara formation
Day 1
At day 1 we go ronathiyagali for our field where we saw different
formations such as
Kuldana
2.1
Chorgali
Margala hill lime stone
Patala
shale
Lockhart
Hangu
2.2 Hangu formation
This
formation age is early paleocenehaving gray nodularlimestone with latrite . Limestone
have dark red colour due to this latrite,
clayey soil which is rich in aluminiumOxides
2.3 Lockhart formation
The
chronological age of this formation is Early-Paleocene.
The difference
between the Hangu and this is that this is thin bedded and without laterite
minerals and is greyish in coloration The Lockhart formation consists of
thinly-bedded grey limestone.
2.4 Patala formation
Chronological
age of this formation is Late-Paleocene
ThePatala
formation consists of Brownish Shale. This Shale is Brownish-muddy in
coloration. It is fossile in nature meaning that the rock readily splits into
thin pieces along the laminations.
2.5 Margalla Hill limestone
The
chronological age of this formation is Early-Eocene.
The
Margalla-Hill limestone consists of shale with sandstone and Limestone. The
limestone of. The Sandstone is a clastic rock composed mainly of sand-sized
mineral particles or rock fragments. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or
feldspar And they are the most resistant minerals to weatheringMargalla Hills
is of good quality economically
2.6 Chorgali formation
The
chronological age of this formation is Mid –Eocene.
TheChorgali formation
consists of thin-bedded limestone with more Shale. At this formation contains
large quantities of Shale with small amounts of limestone
2.7 Kuldana formation
Thechronological
age this formation is Late-Eocene.
This formation
consists of variegated Shale with limestone meaning that it consists of many
colors or has the markings of different colors.
Day 02
At
day 2 our field was gone towards shimlaapahhari along sherwan road where we
observed different formations
3)
abbottabad
2)
Unconformity
1)
hazaraa
2.8 Hazara formation
The
chronological age of this formation is Pre-Cambrian thehazara formation along
the Sherwan road consists of reddish-brown Slate and large beds of limestone.
It forms the base of this lithology. It is 29m in thickness.
2.8.1 Unconformity
The
conglomeratic bed in between the hazara and Abbottabad formation forms the
unconformable contact and is greenish in color. It is 9m in thickness.
2.8.2 Abbottabad formation
The
chronological age of this formation is Cambrian.
The Abbottabad
formation along the Sherwan road consists of reddishsilt with reddish
sandstone.
Day 03
At
day 3 our field gone from Abbottabad to jabibri via Shah MaqsoodChowk
2.9 Samanasok formation
The
Chronological age of this formation is Late-Jurassic.
The Samanasuk
formation along the Abbottabad-Jabri road consists of Oolitic limestone that is
contains ooliths (or ooids) which are sand-sized carbonate particles that have
concentric rings of CaCO3. These rings are formed around grains of sand or
shell fragments that were rolled around on the shallow sea floor, gathering
layer after layer of limestone. That is why the limestone also has an overturn
structure.
2.10 Chichali formation
The Chronological age
of this formation is Late-Jurassic to Early-Creataceous. The Chichali formation
along the Abbottabad-Jabri road consists of arenaceous that is that is
sand-like Shale with sandstone beds of blakishgrey color.
2.11 Lamshiwal formation
The
chronological age of this formation is Mid-Cretaceous.TheLumshiwal formation along
the Abbottabad –Jabri road consists of sandstone of hard nature and Greyish
color.
2.12 Kawagarh formation
The
Chronological age of this formation is Early-Cretaceous.TheKawagarh formation
along the AbbottabadJabri road consists of greyish colour thinly-bedded
limestone. It has contrast in the bedding size as somewhere it is thick and
somewhere it is very thin.
Day 4
At day four we went from abbottabad to kehchihuripursection
Where wlle saw dyke and someotherviens of quartz and
of.calcite we also.saw there Glacial depositsAnd folds.
We also.sawsome economic minerals such as latrite
mine, barite and soAp stone mine
Day 05
At
day 5 we left from abbottabad to Beer huripur section where we saw different stuctures
like folds etc and also dominant limestons with sandston and we also saw some
foreign rocks there
Chapter
03
3 . Sedimentary Structures:
3.1 Fracture Identification:
In this field we studied Three
methods of fracture identification, which are the followingī
3.1.1 Circle inventory method;
this method we use for studying a
fracture at the bedding plan.
3.1.2 Scan-line method
this
method is used to study the fracture across the bed.
3.1.3 Rectangular method
this method is used for studying a single bed
, and this is done across the bed.
3.2 Laminations:
Lamination is the technique of
manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material
achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance or other
properties from the use of differing materials.
In the field we studied the
different types of laminations like cross and parallel laminations, like
Tangential and truncation laminations.
3.3 Ripple Marks
These are physical sedimentary
laminations formed due to water movements. This structure shows troughs and crests.
3.4 Stromatolites:
These are algal laminations or
organo-sedimentary laminations.
Stromatolites are layered mounds,
columns, and sheet-like sedimentary rocks. They were originally formed by the
growth of layer upon layer of cyanobacteria, a single-celled photosynthesizing
microbe which grows in the direction of the sun.
3.5 Fault:
There are different types of faults
which are the following:
3.6 Normal fault:
The
example of this type of fault is Panjal fault.
It
has both hanging wall and foot wall.
The
Hanging wall consists of inner lesser Himalaya; and its stratigraphy is Hazara,
Tanawal and Abbottabad formations.
The
foot wall consists of outer lesser Himalaya; and its stratigraphy is Hazara and
Abbottabad formations.
And on the last day we visited and
studied a strike-slip fault in the Haripur area; along with calcareous tuff.
Chapter: 04.
4 Economic Geology:
On this field we studied the
following economic minerals:
4.1 Barite:
When crushed, it
is added to mud to form barium mud, which is poured into oil wells during
drilling. It is in Brownish golden color.Barites is important in the
manufacture of paper and rubber
4.2 Dolomite:
Dolomite is also
useful as a source of magnesium in glass and ceramics, and it is also useful
for making steel and farmers use this mineral for pH control in agriculture and
as magnesia as a feed additive for livestock.
4.3 LATRITE
Latrite is
widely use for paint proposes and for.brickstonwetcLaterites are economically
most important for ore deposits, such as bauxite.
4.4 SoAp stone:
The soup stone
is found on the way to Shimla. It consists of talc and magnetite. It is used in
soap manufacturing.
Chapter:
05.
5 Summary:
. Abbottabad region which is in the province of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is wealthy in geological features.Pakistan contains
geological structure with many variations
It is seen that the lithology of the
Abbottabad region is very complex and diverse, it vary from place to plce
because of its hilly aea. The regional tectonics of the area includes K-T
boundry, Main Boundary thrust (MBT), Panjal thrust (PT), Nathiagali thrust (NT)
and Hazara Kashmir syntaxis(HKS). The formations which are found includes
Murree formation,Hazara formation, Kuldana formation, Samanas
uk formation, Lockhart formation
and Patala formation.Sirban formation, we found.alot of formation in abbottabad
with different stuctures folda.and faults we also sawdikes and some.economics mineralssuch.as latrilte
buriteaoup stone lime stone gypsum etc
THANK YOU
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